Čmeláci umí donutit rostliny k dřívějšímu kvetení
Audio verze článku
Čmeláci jsou významní opylovači: Za potravu jim slouží nektar kvetoucích rostlin a pyl z květů. Co, ale dělat když kvůli nepříznivým podmínkám je nedostatek kvetoucích rostlin.
Výzkumníci z ETH Zürich and the Universite Paris-Saclay zjistili, že čmeláci používají určitou strategii k tomu, aby donutili rostliny kvést dřív.
Z dřívějších výzkumů víme, že určitý druh stresu může způsobit rannější kvetení u rostlin. Pozorováním čmeláků tým zjistil, že čmeláci v době nedostatku potravy vykusují do listů rostlin otvory. Tím rostliny stresují a ty jsou schopny nasazovat květy až o 30 dnů dřív.
Z jejich chování se dá usuzovat, že čmeláci tyto části rostlin nezanášejí do svých hnízd, ani se jimi neživí. Je tedy vysoce pravděpodobné, že tuto techniku používají právě proto, aby donutili rostliny dřív kvést a zajistili si tak potravu. K tomu zjištění vede i to, že poškozování listu čmeláky je v korelaci s množstvím pylu. To znamená, že poškozování v době, kdy je nedostatek pylu je mnohem intenzivnější.
Výzkum byl prováděn např. na rostlině rajčete, které po poškození listů čmeláky kvetlo až o 30 dnů dřív, rostlina hořčice poškozená "okusem" vykvetla o 14 dnů dřív.
Čmelák při poškozování listu - zdroj: (Hannier Pulido / ETH Zurich)
Vědci se pokusili simulovat poškození způsobené čmeláky na rostlinách sami. To ovšem nevedlo ke stejnému výsledku. Buď se vědcům nepodařilo simulovat přesně poškození, nebo jde o působení chemických látek, které mohou čmeláci při poškození vylučovat a rostliny na ně poté reagují.
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