Nejmenší známý plaz na světě

  • Posted on: 8 February 2022
  • By: admin
nejmenší chameleon - Brookesia nana
Latinsky: 
Brookesia nana

nejmenším zatím objeveným plazem je chameleon (Brookesia nana). Samec nově objeveného druhu měří pouze 21,6mm na délku (délka i ocasem), samice měřila 28,9mm. 
Vědci objevili chameleona v pralese na severu ostrova Madagaskar. V současné době jsou známy pouze dva exempláře tohoto druhu a moc se toho o jejich životě zatím neví. 
Odborníci se domnívají, že se živí pravděpodobně roztoči a dalšími miniaturními bezobratlými živočichy. Přes den zřejmě hledají potravu na zemi a na noc se ukrývají na stéblech trávy.

Proč se vyvinul postupně do tak malých rozměrů je možná proto, že malé druhy chameleonů jsou schopny obecně lépe ovládat svůj jazyk při lovu potravy, a také, že jsou schopny ho "vystřelit" až na vzdálenost 2,5x násobku své délky. Jazyk malého chameleona se potom pohybuje rychlostí cca 2 590 m/sˉ², jinak řečeno jeho jazyk by překonal za jednu sekundu vzdálenost 2,5km.

Další možností je, že se zde uplatňuje tzv. Fosterovo ostrovní pravidlo. Tato teorie evoluční biologie má za to, že některé (velké) druhy zvířat mají v uzavřeném ekosystému ostrovů tendenci se mezigeneračně zmenšovat, a naopak jiné druhy zvětšovat. U velkých druhů zmenšování souvisí např. s dostatkem zdroje potravy = menší druhy mají nižší energetické nároky. U malých druhů jako jsou např. hlodavci je zvětšování způsobováno hlavně nedostatkem predátorů v místě jejich působení.  Takový druh pak nepotřebuje být menší a tím pádem rychlejší a obratnější. 

brookesia-nana

obr. - (A-C) samec chameleona, (D-E) samice
zdroj: Glaw, F., Köhler, J., Hawlitschek, O. et al. Extreme miniaturization of a new amniote vertebrate and insights into the evolution of genital size in chameleons. Sci Rep 11, 2522 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80955-1

Oblast, kde se miniauturní chameleon Brookesia nana vyskytuje, zahrnula Madagaskarská vláda do seznamu chráněných území. Můžeme tak doufat, že tento zajímavý plaz nevyhyne.

 

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Moreover, using a unique dosage of creatine monohydrate or altering the intake protocol might influence the results.
Particularly, a protocol without a loading part however with constant creatine supplementation over an prolonged period would possibly result in different outcomes, significantly when it comes to modifications in FFM and lactate distribution house.
Creatine supplementation could influence capillary blood lactate
accumulation throughout a 15-s all-out cycle sprint by increasing
phosphagen power contribution. Furthermore, variations in capillary blood lactate
concentrations could be linked to an expanded lactate distribution house, though these results are likely minimal.

Creatine is among the most generally used and well-researched sports activities dietary supplements.
It has been constantly shown to extend muscle energy, energy, dimension, and efficiency
when mixed with resistance coaching. In particular,
as we evaluation below, there is growing proof that each unipolar and bipolar melancholy involve alterations in the regulation of mind vitality stores, which may produce melancholy, or restrict antidepressant
response, by a number of routes. As a results of this analysis, a variety of
investigators have begun to look at the antidepressant
potential of compounds that might enhance mind bioenergetics—that is, the
processes of brain vitality storage, transport,
and utilization. In specific, there has been rising interest within the
potential antidepressant efficacy of creatine (N-aminoiminomethyl-N-methylglycine).
A vital amount of literature has developed with reference to the most effective means to reinforce creatine uptake.
Adding creatine with a carbohydrate source has been observed
to reinforce uptake, primarily by way of the effect of
an insulin response [4,26].
In the USA alone, creatine-containing dietary supplements make up a large portion of the
estimated $2.7 billion in annual gross sales of sports nutrition supplements (NBJ 2009).
58 participants were part of the study to test the effects of up to 2 g creatine nitrate supplementation for 28 days.
Creatine Nitrate has improved solubility as compared to conventional
Creatine Monohydrate. By binding the creatine to a nitrate
molecular construction, it is believed that it's more available for boosting exercise efficiency.

Its easy construction and excessive purity make
it a benchmark for creatine supplementation.
Prior to every testing session subjects accomplished a
dietary record that included three weekdays and 1 weekend day.
Dietary inventories were reviewed by a registered dietitian and
analyzed for common energy and macronutrient consumption using the Meals Processor Nutrition Analysis Software Program Version 9.1.0 (ESHA Diet Research, Salem, OR).
Participants have been also instructed to keep up their current training routine and report the kind and number of units and repetitions carried out on coaching logs.

Nonetheless, these are sometimes delicate and might typically
be mitigated by correct hydration and dosage. It basically consists of creatine dissolved in water, usually with a quantity
of added nutritional vitamins and amino acids. Buffered Creatine
Buffered or pH-corrected creatine is simply&nbsp;
creatine monohydrate combined with sodium&nbsp;bicarbonate (aka plain ol’ baking
soda). Though buffered creatine has been heavily&nbsp;marketed over the years,
there is not a analysis&nbsp;to help the claims that it offers
better&nbsp;absorption than creatine monohydrate.
Its&nbsp;recognition has been declining in current years, especially since creatine
HCl hit the market. Since there isn’t any good evidence that buffered forms present distinctive advantages, creatine monohydrate is
the winner. However, a research directly evaluating buffered
and monohydrate varieties found no variations in regards to
effectiveness or unwanted side effects (31).
This may be advantageous for people trying to maintain a leaner look whereas cutting.
Nonetheless, it is essential to note that the primary good thing about any creatine supplement
is to boost power and efficiency, which might help more
intense workouts and muscle preservation throughout a calorie deficit, regardless of
the kind. Regardless Of the claims that creatine HCL provides, corresponding to superior solubility
and doubtlessly decreased unwanted effects, creatine monohydrate is usually thought of the better possibility for most individuals.
This preference is basically as a outcome of creatine monohydrate's intensive physique of research and confirmed track record in enhancing performance, increasing muscle
mass, and enhancing power. Creatine is a compound naturally present in small quantities in meals like meat and fish
and can be synthesized in the body.
Despite ATP being used at high rates, the lower in ATP
ranges during resistance training is usually small or
statistically insignificant. A Quantity Of research have proven this, suggesting that ATP
is being virtually totally regenerated during exercise.
In turn, we in all probability don’t need to rest a lot in order to replenish our ATP shops.
Studies have proven creatine monohydrate successfully increases lean muscle mass, enhancing total efficiency.
It also reduces muscle fatigue, allowing you to carry out more repetitions with weight.
A double-blind placebo managed research carried out at The Ohio State University and published within the Journal Of Strength And Conditioning evaluated a one
rep max on bench press after 10 days of creatine supplementiation. The research found that creatine monohydrate and creatine magnesium chelate demonstrated comparable
efficiency outcomes, with no distinction demonstrated between both [R].

The enhancements observed returned toward baseline after 4 weeks after stopping creatine remedy.

The authors concluded that creatine supplementation could serve as a
useful dietary intervention to improve fibromyalgia patients’ muscle operate.
Lastly, Ostojic and colleagues [311] reported that GAA supplementation (2.4 g/day for 3 months)
positively affected creatine metabolism and work capacity in girls with CFS however did not have an effect on common fatigue symptoms
musculoskeletal soreness.
PCr levels throughout the muscle are almost three
to four times extra ample than intramuscular ATP stores. Whereas PCr is more copious than ATP, the speed by which ATP is utilized
is prone to exceed the general vitality substrate regeneration needed at activities of excessive intensity.
Nevertheless, the PCr provide is adequate in providing a brief ATP supply
till other bioenergetic methods reach maximal charges.
When in comparability with creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl
ester was not as effective at rising serum and muscle creatine
levels or in improving body composition, muscle mass, strength, and energy.
"Where&nbsp;Swolverine’s Kre-Alkalyn shines is its capability to enhance VO2 Max and in flip, endurance and train performance.
Further, the added solubility and potential advantages of Creatine Nitrate could justify the higher value for some customers, however it’s important to assume about your price range when making a selection. Whereas evaluating Creatine Nitrate and Creatine Monohydrate based mostly on performance and efficacy, it’s indeed to deal with the function of each dietary supplements. Possibly the available scientific proof and user experiences guarantee the efficacy. The influence of nitrate on creatine absorption might differ from individual to individual, making it much less predictable in phrases of bioavailability when in comparability with Creatine Monohydrate. Whereas some studies recommend that it takes less time to soak up, more proof is required for this.
Many would think that the oral administration of steroids is safer, however this isn't true. Everything that is taken orally must cross via the liver and due to this fact, these supplements could cause liver damage. Subcutaneous administration prevents the steroids from passing via the liver, so this is a safer strategy.
This is achieved via creatine's position in drawing more water into muscle cells, which can initially contribute to weight acquire and, over time, facilitates muscle progress via improved exercise performance. Individuals take creatine phosphate, usually in the type of creatine supplements, to boost their athletic efficiency, notably in activities requiring brief bursts of high-intensity effort. Creatine phosphate aids in shortly replenishing ATP in muscles, thereby extending the length of peak performance and lowering fatigue during exercises. This profit is very appealing to athletes in sports like sprinting, weightlifting, and soccer. Beyond athletic efficiency, creatine supplementation is also explored for its potential advantages in cognitive operate, neurological well being, and as a therapeutic help in certain medical situations.
There is, nonetheless, ongoing debate on greater dosage for a wanted profit in these sub-groups [258]. Desk 7 presents a abstract of the literature associated to the effects of creatine supplementation on individuals with psychological disorders [251,252,255]. Swolverine’s Kre-Alkalyn® Creatine is a scientifically formulated, pH-buffered creatine monohydrate designed to reinforce power, enhance endurance, and accelerate muscle recovery—without bloating or water retention. Unlike conventional creatine, Kre-Alkalyn® is pH-corrected to improve stability and absorption, eliminating the need for loading phases whereas maximizing results. Creatine Monohydrate has lengthy held its place as the reigning champion within the muscle-building world.
Syndromes of this nature have the chance to be improved by supplementing orally with creatine. Mind creatine deficiency resulting from ineffective crea T1 has been proven not to be effectively treated with oral creatine supplementation [51]. Additionally, oral creatine administration in patients with myopathies has proven conflicting results depending on the kind of myopathy and creatine transport systems problems [4]. Op’t Eijnde et al [39] famous that the anticipated decline in GLUT4 content after being noticed throughout a immobilization period can be offset by a typical loading creatine (20g/d) supplementation protocol. In addition, combining CM 15g/d for three weeks following 5 g/d for the following 7 weeks positively enhances GLUT4 content, glycogen, and total muscle creatine storage [39]. It is suggested [16,37] that another mechanism for the impact of creatine could possibly be enhanced muscle glycogen accumulation and GLUT4 expression, when creatine supplementation is mixed with a glycogen depleting train.
Varied strategies of preparation are used in the manufacturing of creatine supplements. This elimination of water will increase the concentration of creatine within the supplement dose. According to the International Society of Sports Activities Vitamin, the use of creatine as a dietary supplement within established guidelines is protected and effective. It improves not only power and lean body mass but additionally confirmed to be helpful in preventing damage (3). Creatine is one of the hottest dietary aids known to reinforce athletic efficiency.
So, you must monitor your body’s response and modify your supplementation accordingly. As creatine monohydrate is backed by extensive research and a confirmed monitor record, most bodybuilders choose it and likewise obtain excellent results. We must say that the choice between Creatine Nitrate and Creatine Monohydrate for bodybuilding depends on numerous components. Since both of them are a kind of creatine preferring which among the two for bodybuilding could be higher continues to be a puzzle. While comparing, creatine nitrate vs monohydrate, I found that nitrate is mainly a more water-soluble version of creatine. Creatine monohydrate and creatine HCl are slowly however certainly gaining traction as not just ergogenic aids but additionally holistic wellness supplements.
However, one other two to seven seconds of muscle contractions are fueled by depleting obtainable PCr shops [9]. Collectively, the ATP–PCr energy system provides power to gasoline short-term explosive exercise. Rising PCr and creatine in muscle offers an energy reserve to satisfy anaerobic vitality needs, thereby offering a crucial supply of power significantly throughout ischemia, injury, and/or in response to impaired mitochondrial operate [8,10]. Moreover, co-ingesting creatine with various varieties of protein might have differential effects on features in fat-free mass and/or training diversifications (Kerksick et al. 2007; Cribb et al. 2007b).
It is a naturally occurring, non-protein amino acid compound found primarily in red meat and seafood. Creatine by Psycho Pharma stands out for its effective formulation, designed to boost each efficiency and muscle strength. Many folks keep away from creatine as a outcome of they worry about its unwanted side effects and potential unfavorable impacts on well being. Some issues include kidney and liver injury, bloating, dehydration, muscle cramps, and digestive issues.
Additionally, it supplies affordable conclusions about the position of creatine on well being and disease based mostly on present scientific evidence. Based Mostly on this evaluation, it might be concluded that creatine supplementation has several health and therapeutic benefits throughout the lifespan. Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of creatine supplementation in enhancing athletic performance and muscle restoration.
Apparently wholesome resistance-trained males with no self-reported current history of creatine supplementation have been recruited to take part on this research. Members have been recruited from the coed population and from area health services. Members accomplished demographic, health history and exercise history forms. These who met eligibility criteria had been informed of the necessities of the research and signed informed consent statements in compliance with the Human Topics Guidelines of Texas A&amp;M University and the American College of Sports Activities Medication. Subjects participated in a familiarization session that included training the Wingate anaerobic capacity take a look at. In regard to individuals diagnosed with neuromuscular issues, it has been observed that whole creatine and PCr levels are decreased in myopathies [23].
However, it is attainable that at the time of this review, additional choices may be pending by regulatory authorities. Creatine has been combined with completely different organic acids to type creatine salts with the intention of using acids that can create a synergistic impact or just enhance the properties of creatine. A limitation of this approach is that effective daily doses of creatine and the acid will have to match to attain meaningful physiological results.
After a one hundred twenty s interval, a 30 g load was added to the resistance apparatus for a model new climb. The test was accomplished when the maximal load resulted in exhaustion or the impossibility of further climbing. The highest weight carried to the highest of the ladder was thought-about the maximal load [35,36,37,38,39]. Both creatine HCL advantages and creatine monohydrate are thought of safe for most individuals when taken at beneficial dosages. Nonetheless, it is at all times advisable to seek the assistance of with a healthcare supplier in case you have underlying medical circumstances. In this text, we dive deep into the variations between these two kinds of creatine, their advantages, and how to choose the right one on your particular fitness targets. Potential unwanted facet effects can include weight acquire because of water retention, digestive issues, and muscle cramping.
The information from the preliminary laboratory visit were excluded from the statistical analysis as a end result of it served as a familiarization trial. In the 5 d preceding the second trial (T2), all participants had been instructed to eat four day by day doses of 5 g of maltodextrin (Alzchem GmbH) as a placebo [35]. Additional research is ongoing to completely understand the long-term impacts of creatine on varied aspects of health, together with heart function, bone density, and metabolic processes. Creatine Monohydrate is usually inexpensive than Creatine HCL on a per-serving basis. Given its well-documented advantages and cost-effectiveness, Creatine Monohydrate offers nice worth for those looking for a reliable and affordable complement choice.
However, a really low pH (as is the case within the stomach) ends in the protonation of the amide operate of the creatine molecule, thereby preventing the intramolecular cyclization of creatine to creatinine [1]. This is the explanation that the conversion of creatine to creatinine within the gastrointestinal tract has been reported to be minimal no matter transit time [7,18,20]. Though creatine may be purchased commercially as a standalone product it is often discovered in combination with different vitamins. A prime example is the combination of creatine with carbohydrate or protein and carbohydrate for augmenting creatine muscle retention [5] mediated through an insulin response from the pancreas [69]. Steenge et al [70] discovered that body creatine retention of 5 g CM was elevated by 25% with the addition of 50 g of protein and 47 g of carbohydrate or 96 g carbohydrate when in comparability with a placebo treatment of 5 g carbohydrate.
Authorized definitions of and regulatory requirements for "dietary supplements" (USA and Korea), "food supplements" (EU), "natural well being products" (Canada), and "non-drug food additives" (Japan) are complex, differ between countries/regions, and may be complicated. Lack of awareness and/or understanding of the given country’s relevant necessities could also be one explanation for the dearth of compliance on the a part of some entrepreneurs. In the USA, the elevated prevalence of these alternate types (CEE in particular) in dietary complement products, with no enforcement motion from FDA, has helped to support this misperception.

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The different upright row alternatives are finest
trained for muscular endurance, hypertrophy, and shoring-up weakness.
Prepare these movements after your huge energy movement for the day as part of your accent train routine.

I assume a few of the finest upright row alternatives are when the fixed barbell is removed
from the equation. This can allow for more external shoulder rotation because the barbell is not going to restrict your
range of movement. The lateral increase, seated snatch,
or face pull are options to assume about.
This is a beginner-friendly train since it requires little or
no mobility and type. I am an expert strength &amp; conditioning coach that
works with professional and worldwide teams and athletes.

I am a broadcast scientific researcher and have completed my Masters in Sport &amp; Train Science.
I've mixed my information of research and experience to bring you essentially the most sensible bites
to be utilized to your training. If the discrepancy is important, carry
out an extra set or two in your weaker aspect.
Moreover, unhealthy posture prevents the shoulder blades from working appropriately.

The upright row targets the top portion of the traps that help elevate and stabilize
the shoulders through the movement. You must stay upright all through the range
of motion to target the traps. Utilizing momentum by jerking your legs transfers to the
secondary muscle groups. This article covers every little thing you should know in regards to the upright row
to master the compound carry.
If done incorrectly or with weights too heavy, you can injure
your shoulders. Plus, understanding a quantity of various workouts concentrating on the same
muscle teams can stop accidents and allow you to select workouts
that really feel most natural on your actions. The upright row is one thing of a controversial power training train. On the one
hand, it’s an efficient approach to work your deltoids, upper traps, and biceps.

One mistake to avoid with this train is to use momentum and swing
your body. Users can keep away from this mistake by breaking their core and going by
way of slowly. The dumbbell lateral raise compares to an upright
row as a end result of it targets the facet delts primarily.
The cable facet lateral increase is the most effective exercise you can do to isolate the
medial, or aspect, deltoids.
Doing your side laterals on a cable machine is much better than with dumbbells
as a outcome of it allows for early section loading whereas additionally preserving fixed rigidity on the delts throughout the movement.

Most folks consider their trapezius as solely consisting of
the space between their neck and their shoulders.
In actuality, the traps take up the majority of your higher
back, forming a kite-like form over your shoulder blades.
The best train to target the center trapezius is the scapular
retraction with a double pulley cable machine. Let’s take a glance at what
the upright row is and what it does to know
what makes the workout routines provided in this article good alternate
options to it. The upright row is a compound pull exercise
that concentrates on the higher body.
Nevertheless, this specific exercise improves aesthetics and
functionality and, thus, has to be included in a
regime irrespective of the gender. The upright row is a popular compound
carry that works a selection of different muscle groups, including the deltoids, elbow flexors and traps.
But, for some individuals anyway, it could lead to pain in your wrist and shoulders.

The inverted row is a much less challenging various to the t-bar
row as a end result of it is accomplished with solely physique weight.
Contrary to the traditional row, this exercise is performed with the
palms facing up. Consequently, you'll be focusing on the lats and rhomboids to a larger degree.
The banded row is a highly versatile banded exercise making it useful for any lifter’s training
protocol. You can do that train with high reps
and excessive units whereas inflicting minimal fatigue to
the nervous system.
The main difference between the 2 is the quantity of
help from the lower body. In the upright row, minimal leg help drives the barbell upwards — ideally, none in any respect.
Landmine rows are nice since you are afforded freedom of motion by the bar solely being
fastened at one end. You can adjust your grip to either a both palms on the bar or you must
use a handle attachment, corresponding to a landmine
attachment (turning it into a t-bar row).
The main distinction here is that as a substitute of the bar being fastened
to the bottom, the barbell row requires you to move the weight by way
of larger levels of freedom.

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The 7mm high grade neoprene knee sleeve is permitted by USAPL,
IPF, and USPA, and is compliant with IWF. Talking about powerlifting knee sleeves,
you’d higher decide a 7mm thickness level that gives higher stability
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They point out no discomfort or pressure while squatting or deadlifting, and they even really feel
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which permits them to push harder. For a severe tear, unloader braces with helps on both sides may be the better choice to displace weight and stabilize the
complete knee joint. These are good for people who
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NSAIDs like ibuprofen or aspirin may be taken to
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ache and irritation subside, you can progressively resume regular activities.

DMoose Fitness’ 78" knee wraps are heavy-duty, absolutely adjustable, ready for battle, and fairly priced. But although the operate of knee wraps is simple sufficient, there are a few completely different choices in terms of choosing the proper set for you and your targets within the gym. Carryover impact reduces the muscle activity of the vastus lateralis on the ascending part using the same load and in addition glute max exercise increased with knee wraps compared to no wraps. Furthermore, such sleeves additionally assist to regain management over the injured knees. Nevertheless, they do not appear to be all the time secure should you plan to wear a pair for an extended period.
The AZENGEAR Knee Compression Assist Brace set is specifically designed for runners and people seeking to alleviate or stop injuries. You Are getting superior knee stability and support during high-impact activities. Compression know-how aids in lowering swelling and ache, while the material keeps the joint snug and dry. Good for enhancing performance and recovery, these knee sleeves are must-haves for any runner looking to defend their knees. If you’re doing weightlifting, whether or not it be Olympic lifting, CrossFit or powerlifting, then these knee sleeves from Rehband are ideal.
As anticipated, prospects find the sleeves a bit tight, preventing bunching throughout squats, weightlifting, and functional fitness. The knee support’s contoured form minimizes slipping, a typical problem with other helps. In Addition To warmth, customers get pleasure from these sleeves for their coziness and OTG compatibility.
Carrying a knee brace whereas performing squats and lunges could present some level of assist to the knee joint and probably scale back the risk of injury. However, it is necessary to observe that relying solely on a knee brace isn't enough to prevent knee accidents throughout these workouts. It is also essential to use correct form and method, gradually enhance weight and intensity, and take heed to your body's signals to keep away from pushing past your limits. Moreover, incorporating workouts that strengthen the muscular tissues around the knee joint, such as leg extensions and hamstring curls, also can assist forestall knee accidents. MAVA is designed for superior comfort with this wrap which is not going to slip, unroll, or fall off.
We then take a glance at the additional features like padding, total match and feel, and another additional bonuses that include the respective knee sleeve. We know health equipment can get expensive but it is essential to discover the proper knee sleeve at an inexpensive price. Selecting the right size knee sleeves is essential for getting the utmost support and compression advantages. To find the proper dimension, you must measure the circumference of your knee at its widest level whereas standing together with your legs barely aside. Getting the right fit on your knee sleeves ensures optimal performance and safety throughout squat exercises. The excellent news is, measuring for knee sleeves is a relatively easy course of that you are in a position to do at home.
But with so many choices available on the market claiming to be the "best," it could be overwhelming to know which one to choose. That’s why I’ve done the research and tested out various knee helps to bring you this complete information on one of the best knee support for Crossfit. Firstly, the warmth and compression stimulate blood flow, muscle oxygenation, and venous return, maintaining the muscle tissue energetic and energy generation excessive. The thicker 7mm knee sleeves provide more rigid help and are often most popular by powerlifters and athletes specializing in heavy lifts. The MP Unisex Seamless Knee Sleeve provides novices with essential help and luxury. Made with a seamless design to forestall chafing and irritation, this knee sleeve enhances stability throughout workouts, selling confidence and guaranteeing security.
"Knee braces could be useful for generalized knee pain," says Rick Stauffer, PT, SCS, C.S.C.S., PES, co-owner and director at PRN Bodily Remedy. "They provide compression and can make the individual feel extra confident with their activities." I firmly imagine that trainees from newbie to superior can profit and use these.

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